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Eras

Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, al-Andalus, Ottoman
The Rightly Guided Caliphs632–661 CE · 11 AH–40 AHAfter the Prophet ﷺ passed away in 11 AH (632 CE), the community chose Abu Bakr al-Siddiq as caliph, followed by ʿUmar ibn al-Khattab, ʿUthman ibn ʿAffan and ʿAli ibn Abi Talib. Their thirty years are remembered as the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs (al-Khulafaʾ al-Rashidun).The Umayyad Caliphate661–750 CE · 41 AH–132 AHMuʿawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan founded the Umayyad dynasty in 41 AH (661 CE) with its capital at Damascus. Under the Umayyads the Muslim world reached from al-Andalus in the west to Sindh and Central Asia in the east — one of the largest states in history.The Abbasid Caliphate750–1258 CE · 132 AH–656 AHThe Abbasids took power in 132 AH (750 CE) and founded Baghdad in 762 as their capital — the "City of Peace". For centuries it was one of the largest and most learned cities on earth.Muslim Spain — al-Andalus711–1492 CE · 92 AH–897 AHIn 92 AH (711 CE) Tariq ibn Ziyad crossed into Iberia. ʿAbd al-Rahman I, an Umayyad prince who escaped the Abbasids, founded an emirate at Córdoba in 756, and ʿAbd al-Rahman III declared a caliphate there in 929.The Ottoman Empire1299–1922 CE · 699 AH–1341 AHThe Ottoman state began around 1299 under Osman I in north-west Anatolia. In 857 AH (1453 CE) Sultan Mehmed II conquered Constantinople, which became Istanbul, the Ottoman capital.Historical maps

Prepared from standard sources; pending scholar review.