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Historical maps

How far each realm reached
MakkahMakkahMadinahJerusalemJerusalemDamascusDamascusBaghdadKufaCairoCórdobaGranadaIstanbulKairouanFezIsfahanSamarqandLahoreDelhi
The Umayyad CaliphateApproximate extent around 750 CECapital: DamascusBorders are approximate and simplified.

Muʿawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan founded the Umayyad dynasty in 41 AH (661 CE) with its capital at Damascus. Under the Umayyads the Muslim world reached from al-Andalus in the west to Sindh and Central Asia in the east — one of the largest states in history.

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Prepared from standard sources; pending scholar review.